فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 9 (پاییز 1390)

With the fall of Reza Shah in September of 1941, lack of grain was the main problem of some cities in Iran. The causes of this problem were the presence and occupation of the country by the Allies, and hoarding wheat by the hoarder. Ghazvin was amongst the cities which encountered with the bread crises due to the mentioned reasons. The main issue of the present research was descriptive-analytical consideration of bread crisis process in the city and the gained result shows that concerning the peak of bread crisis in 1942, people were in severe hardship and that situation led to negative consequences. In order to control the crisis the government paid attention to provide the breads coupon, but the bread quality was very low because some uneatable materials were added to the dough by bakers. Some other solutions were carried out to control the crisis in the country during 1943 and 1944. Import of wheat from abroad, preparing programs to increase the wheat production and seed improvement, issuance of grain and bread regulations in order to prevent hoarding of wheat were amongst the solutions which controlled the crisis. Meanwhile, people’s complaints of shortage and expensiveness of bread and authorities’ efforts to contain the crisis played an important role in accelerating the termination process of crisis. The reports indicated a decrease in bread price in Ghazvin since mid 1943.

In the early years of 13th century A.H./19 century A.D., due to the Iran's defeat in the war with Russia and Iran’s involuntary entry into the cycle of west capitalist, Iran's economy in agriculture, trade and crafts were confronted major crisis. Though with the establishment of a constitutional system, economic renewal was on constitutionalist’s agenda, political – social crisis in the constitutional era and occupation of Iran in the First World War prevented the continuing modernization of the economic structure of Iran. After the coup in 1299 SH. the need to modernize the economy and the role of money in renovating the country were considered by intellectuals and modernists. In this regard, some suggestions were brought up in press about the boom in agriculture, trade improvement, industry promotion and concession to foreign investors. Therefore, this paper will review and reread some of the recommendations contained in the press in the years 1921 to 1925. About the necessity of modernization of Iran's economy structure.

Contrary to the popular opinion which assigns Seljuk Era as the Period for decline of thought and idea in Iran, the general sphere of thought ensconced in an situation different from the dominant thought of the previous eras which can be known as a type of changing attitude in discourse and intellectual foundation. The presence of intellectuals such as Iman Mohammad and Ahmad Ghzali, Khayyam, Eyn al-Ghozat Hamedani, Sheikh Eshragh Suhrawardi, Fakhre Razi, Khwaja Nezam al- Mulk Tusi, Qushairi, Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, … in the field of theorizing in science, thought and idea in Iran, transformed the Seljuq period into a distinctive era in religious and political theorizing throughout Iran history. Some of its repercussions and instances can be found in the wide range of written texts and converting theories related to religious thoughts in the field of mysticism. Considering the wideness of trends in thought and idea during Seljuk period, the aim of this research is to introduce some dimensions of these trends in Iran during Seljuk Era with an emphasize on religious and mystical theorizing. The research is focused on two cultural- geographical domains of Khurasan and Iraqi- Ajam and will analyze the thoughts and ideas of intellectuals such as Qushairi, Khwaja Abdullah Ansari and Mohammad Ghazali in Khurasan and Ahmad Ghazali, Eyn al-Ghozat Hamedani and Sheikh Eshragh Suhrawardi in Iraqi- Ajam.

One of the industries which flourished in Seljuk period is textile industry. The significant activities have been accomplished by the name of Tiraz and their establishments had a great influence on the public and government life. Tiraz have the high political value as the honorific or respect cloak and one ruler indication of eviction. So that, the various motifs with the various subjects often include wish to survive Caliph or ruler or blessings or verses of Quran, have been drawn mostly in golden fibers on taffeta and tapestry weaving.In this essay, the main characteristics of Seljuk's Tiraz including the motifs, the concepts which have drawn on it, the texture, the consumed fibers and the textile weaving centers have studied by presenting the examples of the Seljuk's Tiraz and surveying the Tirazs of contemporary cultures.

Examination of the theologian¬'s works of Imamie, show that they used different method approaches for proving their opinions. Sometimes, these theologians relied on the nobility of text, by using news, texts (NAS) and narrative methods for proving the opinions. Sometimes they used reasoning methods based on reasoning introductions for explaining religious thoughts. In this essay in addition to the examination of the verbal views and the method approaches of Ibn-Ghebeh-al-Razi, we answer to this question: By which of approaches, he proved the theological believes of Imamie and what is the difference between his method and the former theologian¬'s methods?The investigated text in this essay is a thesis from Ibn-Ghebeh in the thesis called “Violation of Ketab-al-Ashhad” from Abuzeid-Alavi. The important part of this thesis proved the Imamate issue and absentee of Mohammad-Ibn-Hasan-Askari, and the other part is going to prove Imamate in the Hosseini branch of the Hazrate Ali’s offspring and tell the features of Imam.This thesis investigates the theological views of Ibn-Ghebeh and demonstrates that he proved the Imamate point-of-view and violates the views and doubt of Zaidis by reasoning approaches, using successive and famous news and forming it in a logical approach. Ibn-Ghebeh disconnected from the rational approaches of Hesham Ibn-Hakam by narrative reasons application (reasoning process based on rational and sensuous introductions) and allied with another theologian of Imamie.

Luster pottery that had a significant prevalence from sixth to the eighth century AH in Iran, almost emerged simultaneously with the Seljuk rule in Iran. Analysis of these masterpieces in addition to the technical, structural and aesthetic aspects, sometimes help us to find political, economic, social and cultural status of this period. In this article to identify the social configuration and conditions of this period we want to scrutinize and recognize the luster ceramics of the sixth century AH. The emergence and widespread augmentation of this precious ceramics in the Seljuk Era raises some questions that this paper attempts to answer: Can sociological interpretation be offered for this artistic phenomenon and if it is possible to represent the social conditions and occult realities of society in this period? Are there any ways to identify the social history of art in Seljuk period in determine of luster ceramic’s motives which aesthetic principles of them always have been studied? The aim and intent of this paper is to discover how social conditions reflected in luster ceramics of sixth century AH and also to understand the formation of two social phenomena which are the appearance of middle class and popular art at this time. The theoretical basis of this article is sociological theories. Methods of this research are carried out by investigation of historical documents that are both textual and visual (artworks). Collected data have studied in descriptive analytical methods and in some cases comparative approach has also been used. It is considered that, it seems the development of the middle class is one of the reasons for the appearance and flourishing of luster ceramic production, and this is the beginning for general access to art and drawing daily life themes and using realistic style by artists in Seljuk period.